Camps
A brief description of the camps of the Third Reich and Fascist Italy where prisoners from Magnesia were held between 1941 and 1945, and for which information has been found. The camps are divided into four categories:
- Prisoner-of-war camps
- Concentration/labor camps
- Concentration and extermination camps
- Camps in fascist Italy
A
Augsburg
Subcamp of: Dachau
Category: Concentration/labour camp
There were many subcamps in the city, set up by individual firms as labour camps. For example, in the Augsburg-Pfersee camp most prisoners, including Greek forced labourers, worked at the Messerschmitt factory. Other Greek men and women worked in the textile mills and at the sugar factory. About half of the forced labourers from Magnesia were transferred from Moosburg POW camp to Augsburg, of whom 120 were housed in an old elementary school (Luitpoldschule) in the Lechhausen district.
Augsburg City Archive, oral testimonies.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
There were many subcamps in the city, set up by individual firms as labour camps. For example, in the Augsburg-Pfersee camp most prisoners, including Greek forced labourers, worked at the Messerschmitt factory. Other Greek men and women worked in the textile mills and at the sugar factory. About half of the forced labourers from Magnesia were transferred from Moosburg POW camp to Augsburg, of whom 120 were housed in an old elementary school (Luitpoldschule) in the Lechhausen district.
Augsburg City Archive, oral testimonies.
Auschwitz
Category: Concentration camp, labour camp, extermination camp
Auschwitz was established in 1940 near Kraków (Poland), initially as a concentration camp for 10,000 Polish political and criminal prisoners. Over time, however, it evolved into the largest and most lethal camp of Nazi Germany, combining three distinct functions: as a concentration camp (Auschwitz I), as an extermination camp (Auschwitz II Birkenau), and as a forced-labour camp (Auschwitz III Monowitz). At Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1.3 million people were murdered, 90% of whom were Jews. However, non-Jewish political prisoners were also held at Auschwitz. Among them was a group of 35 Greek women members of the Resistance. Eleni Vlahava from Almyros was one of them.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I Α, 204-220. Vaso Stamatiou, Warum? A Greek woman in Auschwitz (in Greek), 2023.
Auschwitz was established in 1940 near Kraków (Poland), initially as a concentration camp for 10,000 Polish political and criminal prisoners. Over time, however, it evolved into the largest and most lethal camp of Nazi Germany, combining three distinct functions: as a concentration camp (Auschwitz I), as an extermination camp (Auschwitz II Birkenau), and as a forced-labour camp (Auschwitz III Monowitz). At Auschwitz-Birkenau, 1.3 million people were murdered, 90% of whom were Jews. However, non-Jewish political prisoners were also held at Auschwitz. Among them was a group of 35 Greek women members of the Resistance. Eleni Vlahava from Almyros was one of them.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I Α, 204-220. Vaso Stamatiou, Warum? A Greek woman in Auschwitz (in Greek), 2023.
B
Bad Bentheim and Gildehaus
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Two small communities near the Dutch border, south of Nordhorn, in the Emsland region. In the fall of 1944, some Greek prisoners-of-war were sent there for forced-labour from STALAG VI C POW camp (Bathorn).
Greek State Archives, Magnesia branch, Archive “Nazism Court Rulings”, no. 487/28-2-1962, 357/31-1-1962, 656/31-3-1962.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Two small communities near the Dutch border, south of Nordhorn, in the Emsland region. In the fall of 1944, some Greek prisoners-of-war were sent there for forced-labour from STALAG VI C POW camp (Bathorn).
Greek State Archives, Magnesia branch, Archive “Nazism Court Rulings”, no. 487/28-2-1962, 357/31-1-1962, 656/31-3-1962.
Bari
Category: POW camps in fascist Italy
Camp No. 75, a large camp for prisoners-of-war, in the Torre Tresca neighbourhood of Bari (southern Italy). Some Greek POWs were held there, including boatmen from the Sporades islands (Magnesia) who had assisted Allied soldiers to escape to the Middle East. After liberation, Camp no. 75 served as a displaced persons (D.P.) camp for survivors of Nazi camps awaiting repatriation.
Camp No. 75, a large camp for prisoners-of-war, in the Torre Tresca neighbourhood of Bari (southern Italy). Some Greek POWs were held there, including boatmen from the Sporades islands (Magnesia) who had assisted Allied soldiers to escape to the Middle East. After liberation, Camp no. 75 served as a displaced persons (D.P.) camp for survivors of Nazi camps awaiting repatriation.
Bathorn (STALAG VI-C)
Category: POW camp
A large prisoner-of-war camp near the German-Dutch border. From the early days of the war, it held mainly Soviet, French, and Polish prisoners. In August 1944, a group of at least 500 Greeks arrived, including many from Magnesia, who were then transferred successively to various labour camps in northwestern Germany, finally ending up at the Essen camp.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 429–431.
A large prisoner-of-war camp near the German-Dutch border. From the early days of the war, it held mainly Soviet, French, and Polish prisoners. In August 1944, a group of at least 500 Greeks arrived, including many from Magnesia, who were then transferred successively to various labour camps in northwestern Germany, finally ending up at the Essen camp.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 429–431.
Bergen-Belsen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Established in the spring of 1943 for Jews who were spared from extermination, with the aim of exchanging them for German prisoners in other European countries. Finally, only a few Jews were exchanged, and from the spring of 1944, other prisoners (non-Jews) were also deported there. Toward the end of the war, the camp was converted into a reception center for survivors of death marches from other camps located further east. The camp population more than doubled from 15,000 in December 1944 to 41,250 in March 1945. Due to overcrowding, starvation, and disease, mortality was particularly high (the total number of deaths is estimated at 37,000).
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 278–281.
Established in the spring of 1943 for Jews who were spared from extermination, with the aim of exchanging them for German prisoners in other European countries. Finally, only a few Jews were exchanged, and from the spring of 1944, other prisoners (non-Jews) were also deported there. Toward the end of the war, the camp was converted into a reception center for survivors of death marches from other camps located further east. The camp population more than doubled from 15,000 in December 1944 to 41,250 in March 1945. Due to overcrowding, starvation, and disease, mortality was particularly high (the total number of deaths is estimated at 37,000).
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 278–281.
Berlin Köpenick
Subcamp of: Sachsenhausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Established in late September 1944 in Köpenick, a neighbourhood located in the Oberspree industrial zone of Berlin. Approximately 680 female prisoners were forced to work in the AEG Kabelwerk factory that manufactured cables. The majority were Polish; the other nationalities included Russian, French, Greek, and Italian women. Between September 28 and October 9, 1944, 700 female prisoners were relocated there from Ravensbrück. The camp was located on the opposite bank of the Spree River, and the prisoners were brought to the factory every day by riverboat. On April 19 and 20, 1945, prisoners were transferred to the Oranienburg prison camp and from there they were sent on a death march toward the Baltic Sea. On May 3, 1945, they were liberated by American and Soviet troops near Berlin.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I Β (2009), 1271-1272.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Established in late September 1944 in Köpenick, a neighbourhood located in the Oberspree industrial zone of Berlin. Approximately 680 female prisoners were forced to work in the AEG Kabelwerk factory that manufactured cables. The majority were Polish; the other nationalities included Russian, French, Greek, and Italian women. Between September 28 and October 9, 1944, 700 female prisoners were relocated there from Ravensbrück. The camp was located on the opposite bank of the Spree River, and the prisoners were brought to the factory every day by riverboat. On April 19 and 20, 1945, prisoners were transferred to the Oranienburg prison camp and from there they were sent on a death march toward the Baltic Sea. On May 3, 1945, they were liberated by American and Soviet troops near Berlin.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I Β (2009), 1271-1272.
Braunschweig
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This subcamp was established in August 1944 at the request of the truck manufacturer Büssing-NAG. 800 prisoners worked there, 300 of whom died from starvation, disease, and mistreatment. Another camp in the same city housed a factory manufacturing ammunition casings, which also employed Greek forced-labourers.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This subcamp was established in August 1944 at the request of the truck manufacturer Büssing-NAG. 800 prisoners worked there, 300 of whom died from starvation, disease, and mistreatment. Another camp in the same city housed a factory manufacturing ammunition casings, which also employed Greek forced-labourers.
Buchenwald
Category Concentration/labour camp
One of the early concentration camps, established in 1937 outside Weimar. It was originally designed to hold 8,000 prisoners, mainly German political prisoners. Later it also included a crematorium and a brothel. By the end of the war, there were 48,000 prisoners, of whom 28,000 were evacuated and marched to their deaths. The camp was liberated by the Americans on April 11, 1945. A total of 239,000 prisoners passed through the camp, of whom 56,000 died.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 290-294.
One of the early concentration camps, established in 1937 outside Weimar. It was originally designed to hold 8,000 prisoners, mainly German political prisoners. Later it also included a crematorium and a brothel. By the end of the war, there were 48,000 prisoners, of whom 28,000 were evacuated and marched to their deaths. The camp was liberated by the Americans on April 11, 1945. A total of 239,000 prisoners passed through the camp, of whom 56,000 died.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 290-294.
C
Camps in fascist Italy
During the Italian Occupation (1941–1943), some Greek resistance fighters were sent to camps in fascist Italy, having been sentenced to harsh prison terms by Italian military courts in Greece. Since 1926, Mussolini’s regime had been banishing political opponents to places of exile within Italy’s borders. Concentration camps and prisoner-of-war camps were established only with the outbreak of World War II, with approximately 50 camps, located mainly in central and southern Italy. After Italy’s surrender (September 8, 1943), these came under German control. Prisoners who were unable to escape were sent to concentration camps in the Third Reich, while Jews were sent to death camps. For individual camps, see Bari, Ferramonti di Tarsia, Fiume, Fossoli, Sulmona.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 391–393
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 391–393
Celle
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A city in northern Germany near Hanover (Lower Saxony). On April 7–8, 1945, more than 3,000 prisoners being transported by train from the Neuengamme camp were hit by an Allied bombing raid at the city’s train station, and most were killed. Those who survived were murdered by the SS and German residents. Many Greek forced-labourers gathered in Celle after the liberation to organize their return home.
Neuengamme Camp Memorial Site
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A city in northern Germany near Hanover (Lower Saxony). On April 7–8, 1945, more than 3,000 prisoners being transported by train from the Neuengamme camp were hit by an Allied bombing raid at the city’s train station, and most were killed. Those who survived were murdered by the SS and German residents. Many Greek forced-labourers gathered in Celle after the liberation to organize their return home.
Neuengamme Camp Memorial Site
D
Dachau
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The first concentration camp established in 1933 by the Nazis for political prisoners who opposed Nazism. Until 1940, it functioned primarily as a “re-education camp” for dissidents, but also for other social groups deemed “undesirable” by the Nazis (Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jews, homosexuals, etc.). Starting in 1940, Polish, Russian and Yugoslav prisoners began to be deported there. The extermination of Dachau prisoners by gas began in 1941, initially at the Hartheim Euthanasia Institute in Austria, while others were killed within the camp itself via lethal injections. In 1943, a new crematorium with four ovens was built. In the last two years of the war, the number of satellite camps more than doubled, reaching 170, primarily for forced-labour in the war industry. A total of 206,000 prisoners passed through Dachau. 15,000 died of typhus shortly before liberation. According to one source, 1,080 Greeks passed through Dachau, of whom only 660 survived.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 442–447.
The first concentration camp established in 1933 by the Nazis for political prisoners who opposed Nazism. Until 1940, it functioned primarily as a “re-education camp” for dissidents, but also for other social groups deemed “undesirable” by the Nazis (Jehovah’s Witnesses, Jews, homosexuals, etc.). Starting in 1940, Polish, Russian and Yugoslav prisoners began to be deported there. The extermination of Dachau prisoners by gas began in 1941, initially at the Hartheim Euthanasia Institute in Austria, while others were killed within the camp itself via lethal injections. In 1943, a new crematorium with four ovens was built. In the last two years of the war, the number of satellite camps more than doubled, reaching 170, primarily for forced-labour in the war industry. A total of 206,000 prisoners passed through Dachau. 15,000 died of typhus shortly before liberation. According to one source, 1,080 Greeks passed through Dachau, of whom only 660 survived.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 442–447.
Dora Mittelbau
Subcamp of: Buchenwald
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This was originally a subcamp of Buchenwald, which was established on August 28, 1943, as an underground factory to produce V-2 rockets. In October 1944, it became an independent camp known as Mittelbau (Dora), with 40 subcamps and 40,000 prisoners. Working conditions in the underground tunnels were grueling, and the mortality rate was particularly high.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 966–1002.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This was originally a subcamp of Buchenwald, which was established on August 28, 1943, as an underground factory to produce V-2 rockets. In October 1944, it became an independent camp known as Mittelbau (Dora), with 40 subcamps and 40,000 prisoners. Working conditions in the underground tunnels were grueling, and the mortality rate was particularly high.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 966–1002.
Dresden Universelle
Subcamp of: Flossenbürg
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Established in October 1944 to house female forced labourers to work for the Universelle Machine Factory, which manufactured aircraft parts. On January 19, 1945, a group of 200 women was transferred there from Ravensbrück. Among them was a Greek woman. She was most likely Afroditi Koutrouli (née Kalatzis) from Volos. During the Allied bombing on February 13, 1945, which razed the city to the ground, the factory was hit, and many female prisoners escaped or hid in nearby villages where they worked on farms. Those who were caught were transferred to another nearby subcamp of Flossenbürg, near the town of Pirna.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 582–584. Interview with Afroditi Koutrouli-Kalatzis.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Established in October 1944 to house female forced labourers to work for the Universelle Machine Factory, which manufactured aircraft parts. On January 19, 1945, a group of 200 women was transferred there from Ravensbrück. Among them was a Greek woman. She was most likely Afroditi Koutrouli (née Kalatzis) from Volos. During the Allied bombing on February 13, 1945, which razed the city to the ground, the factory was hit, and many female prisoners escaped or hid in nearby villages where they worked on farms. Those who were caught were transferred to another nearby subcamp of Flossenbürg, near the town of Pirna.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 582–584. Interview with Afroditi Koutrouli-Kalatzis.
E
Ebensee
Subcamp of: Mauthausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The camp was built in the fall of 1943 as an underground complex of war industry factories, its main purpose being the production of V-2 rockets. In January 1945, the number of prisoners rose sharply to 18,500 due to the evacuation of other camps in the east. Due to inhumane living conditions and overcrowding, over 8,000 died at Ebensee. On the final day, the guards intended to kill all the prisoners in the underground tunnels, but the prisoners refused to leave the roll-call area and thus saved their lives. The next day, on May 6, 1945, they were liberated by the Americans.
USHM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 911–913.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The camp was built in the fall of 1943 as an underground complex of war industry factories, its main purpose being the production of V-2 rockets. In January 1945, the number of prisoners rose sharply to 18,500 due to the evacuation of other camps in the east. Due to inhumane living conditions and overcrowding, over 8,000 died at Ebensee. On the final day, the guards intended to kill all the prisoners in the underground tunnels, but the prisoners refused to leave the roll-call area and thus saved their lives. The next day, on May 6, 1945, they were liberated by the Americans.
USHM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 911–913.
Eisenertz
Subcamp of: Mauthausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A small subcamp of Mauthausen set up for iron mining at Mount Erzberg. It was located in the town of the same name, 85 kilometers northwest of Graz. The camp opened on June 15, 1943, and the number of prisoners never exceeded 500. Working conditions were extremely harsh, and those who could not endure them were sent back to Mauthausen, where they would be put to death. The camp was dissolved in March 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I Β (2009), 914.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A small subcamp of Mauthausen set up for iron mining at Mount Erzberg. It was located in the town of the same name, 85 kilometers northwest of Graz. The camp opened on June 15, 1943, and the number of prisoners never exceeded 500. Working conditions were extremely harsh, and those who could not endure them were sent back to Mauthausen, where they would be put to death. The camp was dissolved in March 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I Β (2009), 914.
Essen or Essen Steele
Subcamp of: Buchenwald
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The camp operated from February 1944 to March 1945 in an industrial suburb of the city of Essen. It was set up on initiative of the municipalities of Essen and Düsseldorf, with the primary goal of recycling the rubble left behind by Allied bombings into building materials. The project was contracted to the company Deutsche Erd-und-Steinwerke (German Earth and Stone Works), which exploited the labour of the camp’s prisoners. Among them were many deportees from Magnesia. A steel mill was also operating in the same city, where 50 Jewish women from Hungary had been working since August 1944.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 341-345.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The camp operated from February 1944 to March 1945 in an industrial suburb of the city of Essen. It was set up on initiative of the municipalities of Essen and Düsseldorf, with the primary goal of recycling the rubble left behind by Allied bombings into building materials. The project was contracted to the company Deutsche Erd-und-Steinwerke (German Earth and Stone Works), which exploited the labour of the camp’s prisoners. Among them were many deportees from Magnesia. A steel mill was also operating in the same city, where 50 Jewish women from Hungary had been working since August 1944.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 341-345.
F
Falkensee
Subcamp of: Sachsenhausen
Category: Concentration/labour camps
A camp established in March 1943 on the outskirts of Berlin by the DEMAG company (which manufactured machinery and vehicles) and operated from October 1943 as a massive war industry complex. The prisoners worked under inhumane conditions, and mortality was high.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1299.
Category: Concentration/labour camps
A camp established in March 1943 on the outskirts of Berlin by the DEMAG company (which manufactured machinery and vehicles) and operated from October 1943 as a massive war industry complex. The prisoners worked under inhumane conditions, and mortality was high.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1299.
Ferramonti di Tarsia
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
A large camp established in 1940 north of the city of Cosenza in Calabria, southern Italy, with the initial purpose of detaining foreign and Italian Jews under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of the Interior. In total, until September 1943, 3,823 Jews had been detained there, as well as non-Jewish political prisoners, including Greeks. Local fascist volunteers were responsible for maintaining security. Detention conditions were tolerable: mortality was low, three synagogues, a school, and a kindergarten were in operation, and the prisoners engaged in cultural and athletic activities. The camp was liberated by the British on September 14, 1943.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 424-426
A large camp established in 1940 north of the city of Cosenza in Calabria, southern Italy, with the initial purpose of detaining foreign and Italian Jews under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of the Interior. In total, until September 1943, 3,823 Jews had been detained there, as well as non-Jewish political prisoners, including Greeks. Local fascist volunteers were responsible for maintaining security. Detention conditions were tolerable: mortality was low, three synagogues, a school, and a kindergarten were in operation, and the prisoners engaged in cultural and athletic activities. The camp was liberated by the British on September 14, 1943.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 424-426
Fiume
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
A small temporary transit camp for foreign prisoners of war, established in 1941 in the Croatian town of Rijeka, which was under Italian occupation from 1926 to 1943. However, mostly Yugoslav civilians and partisans were held there, awaiting transfer to other camps in Italy. A group of Greek prisoners was also temporarily held in this camp in April 1942, including some members of the resistance from Magnesia.
USHM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 427. Nitsa Koliou, Unknown Aspects of the Occupation and the Resistance 1941–1944, vol. II (in Greek), 1985, 1216–1219.
A small temporary transit camp for foreign prisoners of war, established in 1941 in the Croatian town of Rijeka, which was under Italian occupation from 1926 to 1943. However, mostly Yugoslav civilians and partisans were held there, awaiting transfer to other camps in Italy. A group of Greek prisoners was also temporarily held in this camp in April 1942, including some members of the resistance from Magnesia.
USHM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 427. Nitsa Koliou, Unknown Aspects of the Occupation and the Resistance 1941–1944, vol. II (in Greek), 1985, 1216–1219.
Flossenbürg
Category: Concentration/labour camps
The camp was established in 1938 near the Czech border, initially for convicts, “anti-social elements,” and homosexuals. Political prisoners were held there starting in 1939. In the summer of 1943, it held approximately 4,000 prisoners, while its population grew rapidly in 1944, with over 90 satellite camps. By early 1945, it held 40,000 prisoners, 11,000 of whom were women. Approximately 30,000 died there due to disease, starvation, or during the death march to Dachau that began on April 15, 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 560–565.
The camp was established in 1938 near the Czech border, initially for convicts, “anti-social elements,” and homosexuals. Political prisoners were held there starting in 1939. In the summer of 1943, it held approximately 4,000 prisoners, while its population grew rapidly in 1944, with over 90 satellite camps. By early 1945, it held 40,000 prisoners, 11,000 of whom were women. Approximately 30,000 died there due to disease, starvation, or during the death march to Dachau that began on April 15, 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 560–565.
Fossoli
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
The camp was located north of the city of Modena in central Italy. It was established by the Italian army in 1942, initially as a prisoner-of-war camp, primarily for British soldiers. After Italy’s surrender, and particularly from December 1943 onward, it operated as a concentration camp under the authority of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana), led by Mussolini. It was the main transit camp for deportations to Nazi Germany. In January 1944, deportations of Jews to the extermination camps in Poland also began from Fossoli. Among them was the well-known Italian Jewish author Primo Levi.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 430-431
The camp was located north of the city of Modena in central Italy. It was established by the Italian army in 1942, initially as a prisoner-of-war camp, primarily for British soldiers. After Italy’s surrender, and particularly from December 1943 onward, it operated as a concentration camp under the authority of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana), led by Mussolini. It was the main transit camp for deportations to Nazi Germany. In January 1944, deportations of Jews to the extermination camps in Poland also began from Fossoli. Among them was the well-known Italian Jewish author Primo Levi.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 430-431
G
Garmisch-Partenkirchen
Subcamp of: Dachau
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This satellite camp of Dachau, located southwest of Munich, opened on December 9, 1944, at the Sonnenbichel Hotel, which had previously served as an SS hospital. The treatment of prisoners was lenient.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 476.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This satellite camp of Dachau, located southwest of Munich, opened on December 9, 1944, at the Sonnenbichel Hotel, which had previously served as an SS hospital. The treatment of prisoners was lenient.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 476.
I
K
Kaufering
Subcamp of: Dachau
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A large complex of 11 subcamps of Dachau near the village of Landsberg am Lech, where, starting in the summer of 1944, 30,000 prisoners, mainly Jews, worked in underground war factories. Mortality was high.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 488–490.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A large complex of 11 subcamps of Dachau near the village of Landsberg am Lech, where, starting in the summer of 1944, 30,000 prisoners, mainly Jews, worked in underground war factories. Mortality was high.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 488–490.
Kempten
Subcamp of: Dachau
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Created in August 1943 by the Helmut Sachse company. The prisoners were first housed in an old textile factory and later in a renovated cattle breeding barn. There were also shacks near the Eastern Railway Station, which was bombed. The guards were airmen and—with one exception—behaved mildly. The camp was evacuated in late April 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 490–492.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Created in August 1943 by the Helmut Sachse company. The prisoners were first housed in an old textile factory and later in a renovated cattle breeding barn. There were also shacks near the Eastern Railway Station, which was bombed. The guards were airmen and—with one exception—behaved mildly. The camp was evacuated in late April 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 490–492.
L
Lamsdorf (STALAG VIII B)
Category: POW camp
The camp was established in late 1939 in Upper Silesia (now part of Poland) and grew to become the Third Reich’s largest prisoner-of-war camp, with 97,646 prisoners and 600–700 associated labour camps. The prisoners were mainly British and Italian. While conditions were initially relatively good, they deteriorated sharply toward the end of the war due to overcrowding.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 446–448.
The camp was established in late 1939 in Upper Silesia (now part of Poland) and grew to become the Third Reich’s largest prisoner-of-war camp, with 97,646 prisoners and 600–700 associated labour camps. The prisoners were mainly British and Italian. While conditions were initially relatively good, they deteriorated sharply toward the end of the war due to overcrowding.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 446–448.
Leipzig Schönefeld
Subcamp of: Buchenwald
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The Schönefeld suburb of Leipzig was the headquarters of the HASAG munitions factory, one of the largest employers of concentration camp labour. By the end of 1944, it employed a total of over 16,000 prisoners. In 1944, two subcamps were opened in the neighbourhood, one for men and the other for women. In the summer of 1944, 2,000 women arrived from Ravensbrück, including 60 Greek women. Katina Kakasi from Almyros was one of them. In late April 1945, the camp was evacuated, and the prisoners were forced on a death march until, half-dead, they were met by American troops in the town of Wurzen.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 378–380.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The Schönefeld suburb of Leipzig was the headquarters of the HASAG munitions factory, one of the largest employers of concentration camp labour. By the end of 1944, it employed a total of over 16,000 prisoners. In 1944, two subcamps were opened in the neighbourhood, one for men and the other for women. In the summer of 1944, 2,000 women arrived from Ravensbrück, including 60 Greek women. Katina Kakasi from Almyros was one of them. In late April 1945, the camp was evacuated, and the prisoners were forced on a death march until, half-dead, they were met by American troops in the town of Wurzen.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 378–380.
Linz
Subcamp of: Mauthausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Three subcamps were established in the city of Linz, where prisoners from Mauthausen worked for the Hermann Göring industrial complex and other companies to produce building materials and armaments and to construct air-raid shelters.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 927–932.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Three subcamps were established in the city of Linz, where prisoners from Mauthausen worked for the Hermann Göring industrial complex and other companies to produce building materials and armaments and to construct air-raid shelters.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 927–932.
Lublin (or Majdanek)
Category: Concentration /extermination camp
A death and concentration camp established in 1941 in the city of Lublin, south of Warsaw. A total of approximately 250,000 prisoners passed through this camp, initially mainly Jews destined for the gas chambers or other methods of execution. From late 1943 onward, it functioned primarily as a forced-labour and extermination camp for non-Jewish prisoners. Majdanek was the first camp to be liberated, in late July 1944.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B, 875–880.
A death and concentration camp established in 1941 in the city of Lublin, south of Warsaw. A total of approximately 250,000 prisoners passed through this camp, initially mainly Jews destined for the gas chambers or other methods of execution. From late 1943 onward, it functioned primarily as a forced-labour and extermination camp for non-Jewish prisoners. Majdanek was the first camp to be liberated, in late July 1944.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B, 875–880.
M
Magdeburg
Subcamp of: Buchenwald
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Labour camp of the Polte armaments factory. Women were sent there from the Buchenwald and Ravensbrück concentration camps. The camp was established on June 14, 1944, directly across from the Polte factory (Poltestrasse 65-91). Approximately 1,800 women worked there, most of them from the Soviet Union. Living conditions were appalling.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 389-390.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Labour camp of the Polte armaments factory. Women were sent there from the Buchenwald and Ravensbrück concentration camps. The camp was established on June 14, 1944, directly across from the Polte factory (Poltestrasse 65-91). Approximately 1,800 women worked there, most of them from the Soviet Union. Living conditions were appalling.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 389-390.
Mannheim Sandhofen
Subcamp of: Natzweiler-Struthof
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Opened on September 27, 1944, in a suburb of Mannheim. Most of the prisoners were Poles who worked at the Daimler-Benz factory. They were housed in three schools. In March 1945, the camp was evacuated via a death march to Dachau, from which only 175 of 1,500 survived.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1044.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Opened on September 27, 1944, in a suburb of Mannheim. Most of the prisoners were Poles who worked at the Daimler-Benz factory. They were housed in three schools. In March 1945, the camp was evacuated via a death march to Dachau, from which only 175 of 1,500 survived.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1044.
Maria Lanzendorf
Subcamp of: Mauthausen
Category: Work-reeducation camp
In the municipality of Oberlanzendorf, in the greater Vienna area, a “work-reeducation camp” (Arbeitserziehungslager) operated from 1940, under the authority of the Gestapo. Initially, German “anti-social” elements were held there, followed by displaced foreign workers facing criminal charges, as well as members of the resistance. There was also a separate women’s camp. On April 1, 1945, the camp was evacuated, and 400 prisoners were forced to march to their deaths toward Mauthausen, where many died or were killed.
Vienna History Wiki
Category: Work-reeducation camp
In the municipality of Oberlanzendorf, in the greater Vienna area, a “work-reeducation camp” (Arbeitserziehungslager) operated from 1940, under the authority of the Gestapo. Initially, German “anti-social” elements were held there, followed by displaced foreign workers facing criminal charges, as well as members of the resistance. There was also a separate women’s camp. On April 1, 1945, the camp was evacuated, and 400 prisoners were forced to march to their deaths toward Mauthausen, where many died or were killed.
Vienna History Wiki
Markt Pongau (STALAG XVIII-C or 317 Markt Pongau)
Category : POW camp
Markt Pongau is a small town south of Salzburg (Austria). A prisoner-of-war camp opened in April 1941, with a relatively stable population throughout the war, ranging from 15,000 to 23,000 prisoners. After Italy’s surrender, prisoners were transferred there from Italian camps. In the final days of the war, 13,000 prisoners arrived there on a death march from Wolfsberg. The camp was liberated by the Americans on May 8, 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 307–309.
Markt Pongau is a small town south of Salzburg (Austria). A prisoner-of-war camp opened in April 1941, with a relatively stable population throughout the war, ranging from 15,000 to 23,000 prisoners. After Italy’s surrender, prisoners were transferred there from Italian camps. In the final days of the war, 13,000 prisoners arrived there on a death march from Wolfsberg. The camp was liberated by the Americans on May 8, 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 307–309.
Marlag-Milag (STALAG X-B)
Category: POW camp
A naval prisoner-of-war camp near the city of Bremen. Christoforos Manopoulos, from Tsangarada, was held there; he had survived the sinking of the submarine “Katsonis” off the coast of Skiathos (September 14, 1943). The camp was liberated on April 27–28, 1945, by British Allied troops.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 209–210.
A naval prisoner-of-war camp near the city of Bremen. Christoforos Manopoulos, from Tsangarada, was held there; he had survived the sinking of the submarine “Katsonis” off the coast of Skiathos (September 14, 1943). The camp was liberated on April 27–28, 1945, by British Allied troops.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 209–210.
Mauthausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
One of the largest concentration camps of the Nazi regime and the one with the highest death toll. It was established in 1938 on Austrian soil, initially as a forced-labour camp to exploit the nearby granite quarries. During its eight years of operation, 200,000 prisoners passed through the main camp and its 40 subcamps. The number of Greek prisoners is estimated at approximately 3,500. The largest subcamp was Gusen. The death toll is estimated at more than 90,000. Approximately 5,000 prisoners were murdered in the gas chambers of the former “Hartheim Euthanasia Institute” near Linz. Mauthausen was liberated by the Americans on May 5, 1945.
USHMΜ Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 900-904.
One of the largest concentration camps of the Nazi regime and the one with the highest death toll. It was established in 1938 on Austrian soil, initially as a forced-labour camp to exploit the nearby granite quarries. During its eight years of operation, 200,000 prisoners passed through the main camp and its 40 subcamps. The number of Greek prisoners is estimated at approximately 3,500. The largest subcamp was Gusen. The death toll is estimated at more than 90,000. Approximately 5,000 prisoners were murdered in the gas chambers of the former “Hartheim Euthanasia Institute” near Linz. Mauthausen was liberated by the Americans on May 5, 1945.
USHMΜ Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 900-904.
Melk
Subcamp of: Mauthausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A satellite camp of Mauthausen, established in January 1944, 100 kilometers east of the city of Linz. From April 21, 1944, a total of 14,390 prisoners from at least 26 countries have been held there. Mortality was high; among the dead were 101 Greeks. The prisoners worked in underground tunnels for the Quarz company, a subsidiary of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch armaments factory. In April 1945, the survivors were evacuated to Mauthausen, Ebensee, and Gusen.
USHMM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 935–936.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A satellite camp of Mauthausen, established in January 1944, 100 kilometers east of the city of Linz. From April 21, 1944, a total of 14,390 prisoners from at least 26 countries have been held there. Mortality was high; among the dead were 101 Greeks. The prisoners worked in underground tunnels for the Quarz company, a subsidiary of the Steyr-Daimler-Puch armaments factory. In April 1945, the survivors were evacuated to Mauthausen, Ebensee, and Gusen.
USHMM Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 935–936.
Meppen
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Two nearby camps had been operating in this region (Emsland), close to the German-Dutch border, since 1933, with the primary purpose of imprisoning anti-Nazi political prisoners. Later, between 1943 and 1944, they were successively incorporated into the satellite network of the Bathorn and Neuengamme camps. Prisoners were forced to dig trenches in the so-called “Dutch Fortresses,” a marshy area near the Dutch border. Working conditions were particularly harsh. The camp was evacuated in late March 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1159–1164
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Two nearby camps had been operating in this region (Emsland), close to the German-Dutch border, since 1933, with the primary purpose of imprisoning anti-Nazi political prisoners. Later, between 1943 and 1944, they were successively incorporated into the satellite network of the Bathorn and Neuengamme camps. Prisoners were forced to dig trenches in the so-called “Dutch Fortresses,” a marshy area near the Dutch border. Working conditions were particularly harsh. The camp was evacuated in late March 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1159–1164
Moosburg (STALAG VII A)
Category: POW camp
One of the largest prisoner-of-war camps in Nazi Germany, with over 70,000 prisoners at the end of the war. It was located north of the town of Moosburg (Bavaria), near Munich. The majority of those deported from Magnesia were sent to this camp, even though most were not military personnel. Two large convoys with Greek and other Balkan prisoners arrived there in the summer of 1944. Most were subsequently transferred to other labour camps in nearby cities (Augsburg, Kempten, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Munich).
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 439–442.
One of the largest prisoner-of-war camps in Nazi Germany, with over 70,000 prisoners at the end of the war. It was located north of the town of Moosburg (Bavaria), near Munich. The majority of those deported from Magnesia were sent to this camp, even though most were not military personnel. Two large convoys with Greek and other Balkan prisoners arrived there in the summer of 1944. Most were subsequently transferred to other labour camps in nearby cities (Augsburg, Kempten, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Munich).
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. IV (2022), 439–442.
Munich
Subcamp of: Dachau
Category: Concentration/labour camp
There were many subcamps scattered throughout the city.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
There were many subcamps scattered throughout the city.
N
Natzweiler-Struthof
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Concentration camp established in 1941 in Alsace, which had been annexed by the Third Reich, initially for the purpose of quarrying pink granite and later to serve the war industry. Medical experiments were conducted at this camp, and it operated a crematorium. A total of 52,000 deportees from 30 countries were held there, of whom 17,000 perished.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1004–1007.
Concentration camp established in 1941 in Alsace, which had been annexed by the Third Reich, initially for the purpose of quarrying pink granite and later to serve the war industry. Medical experiments were conducted at this camp, and it operated a crematorium. A total of 52,000 deportees from 30 countries were held there, of whom 17,000 perished.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1004–1007.
Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
Built in 1937 as a subcamp of Sachsenhausen. It became an independent concentration camp in 1940 and gradually evolved to become the main camp for northwestern Germany. In 1945, there were 104,000 prisoners in the main camp and its many (over 75) subcamps, of whom 13,500 were women. On April 19, 1945, the camp was evacuated and the prisoners were transferred to ships laying in the Bay of Lübeck. On May 3, 1945, a few days before liberation, these ships were accidentally bombed by the British Air Force. Over 7,000 prisoners drowned (see also Neustadt in Holstein).
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1074–1078.
Built in 1937 as a subcamp of Sachsenhausen. It became an independent concentration camp in 1940 and gradually evolved to become the main camp for northwestern Germany. In 1945, there were 104,000 prisoners in the main camp and its many (over 75) subcamps, of whom 13,500 were women. On April 19, 1945, the camp was evacuated and the prisoners were transferred to ships laying in the Bay of Lübeck. On May 3, 1945, a few days before liberation, these ships were accidentally bombed by the British Air Force. Over 7,000 prisoners drowned (see also Neustadt in Holstein).
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1074–1078.
Neustadt in Holstein
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A small town on the Bay of Lübeck, northeast of Hamburg. In late April 1945, the SS transported 10,000 prisoners from Neuengamme concentration camp to four ships in the Bay of Lübeck. On May 3, 1945, hours before liberation, the British Air Force bombed two of them, believing they were full of German soldiers. Approximately 7,000 prisoners drowned or were subsequently killed by the SS. Among the victims were three men from Volos. Another man from Volos, Stavros Tzoumertis, survived because he was on a ship that was not bombed.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1165. For Tzoumerti’s testimony, see the newspaper Tachydromos, April 15, 1965.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A small town on the Bay of Lübeck, northeast of Hamburg. In late April 1945, the SS transported 10,000 prisoners from Neuengamme concentration camp to four ships in the Bay of Lübeck. On May 3, 1945, hours before liberation, the British Air Force bombed two of them, believing they were full of German soldiers. Approximately 7,000 prisoners drowned or were subsequently killed by the SS. Among the victims were three men from Volos. Another man from Volos, Stavros Tzoumertis, survived because he was on a ship that was not bombed.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1165. For Tzoumerti’s testimony, see the newspaper Tachydromos, April 15, 1965.
O
Oberhausen Sterkrade
Subcamp of: Sachsenhausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A labour camp in a working-class neighbourhood of the Westphalian city of Oberhausen, where forced-labourers worked on public construction projects or in local factories. Among them were four men from Magnesia.
Nitsa Koliou, Unknown Aspects of the Occupation and the Resistance 1941–1944, vol. B (1985), (in Greek), p. 1219.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A labour camp in a working-class neighbourhood of the Westphalian city of Oberhausen, where forced-labourers worked on public construction projects or in local factories. Among them were four men from Magnesia.
Nitsa Koliou, Unknown Aspects of the Occupation and the Resistance 1941–1944, vol. B (1985), (in Greek), p. 1219.
R
Ravensbrück
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The main women’s camp in the Third Reich, which operated from 1939, located near the village of Fürstenberg, 60 kilometers northwest of Berlin. A total of 123,000 women from over 40 countries passed through this camp, and around 25,000 died. A small section for men and a section for minors were added later. There were over 30 subcamps. The number of inmates rose sharply in 1944 to over 70,000, after the evacuation of the Warsaw Ghetto, due to the need for labour for the war industry. Medical experiments were conducted and mass extermination programs were implemented, initially elsewhere (at Hartheim and Auschwitz) and in the final months of the war in the camp’s gas chambers. Maria Tsiskaki, in her book Greek Women in Nazi Camps (2001), describes the deportation of 61 women from the Haidari prison camp in Athens to the Banica prison in Belgrade, to Auschwitz, and then to Ravensbrück.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1187–1191.
The main women’s camp in the Third Reich, which operated from 1939, located near the village of Fürstenberg, 60 kilometers northwest of Berlin. A total of 123,000 women from over 40 countries passed through this camp, and around 25,000 died. A small section for men and a section for minors were added later. There were over 30 subcamps. The number of inmates rose sharply in 1944 to over 70,000, after the evacuation of the Warsaw Ghetto, due to the need for labour for the war industry. Medical experiments were conducted and mass extermination programs were implemented, initially elsewhere (at Hartheim and Auschwitz) and in the final months of the war in the camp’s gas chambers. Maria Tsiskaki, in her book Greek Women in Nazi Camps (2001), describes the deportation of 61 women from the Haidari prison camp in Athens to the Banica prison in Belgrade, to Auschwitz, and then to Ravensbrück.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1187–1191.
Rheine
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A city in Westphalia with an airport, to which Greek prisoners-of-war from the Bathorn POW camp were transported for forced-labour in the fall of 1944.
Greek State Archives, Magnesia branch, Volos Court of First Instance, “Nazi Rulings,” Archive, no. 356/31-1-1962, 487/28-2-1962, 355/31-1-1962.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
A city in Westphalia with an airport, to which Greek prisoners-of-war from the Bathorn POW camp were transported for forced-labour in the fall of 1944.
Greek State Archives, Magnesia branch, Volos Court of First Instance, “Nazi Rulings,” Archive, no. 356/31-1-1962, 487/28-2-1962, 355/31-1-1962.
S
Sachsenhausen
Category: Concentration/labour camp
One of the oldest and largest camps of the Third Reich, located 35 kilometers north of Berlin. It was inaugurated in 1936 as a model camp under the command of the SS. In 1944, the number of prisoners and subcamps increased dramatically. Most of its new satellite camps were in Berlin or the wider Brandenburg region. By January 1945, the total number of prisoners had reached 66,000, of whom 13,000 were women. The death toll is estimated at 40,000–50,000. On April 21, 1945, 33,000 prisoners were evacuated on a death march to the west, while thousands did not survive.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1256–1260.
One of the oldest and largest camps of the Third Reich, located 35 kilometers north of Berlin. It was inaugurated in 1936 as a model camp under the command of the SS. In 1944, the number of prisoners and subcamps increased dramatically. Most of its new satellite camps were in Berlin or the wider Brandenburg region. By January 1945, the total number of prisoners had reached 66,000, of whom 13,000 were women. The death toll is estimated at 40,000–50,000. On April 21, 1945, 33,000 prisoners were evacuated on a death march to the west, while thousands did not survive.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1256–1260.
Sulmona
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
POW camp No. 78 began operating in 1940 for approximately 3,000 prisoners-of-war, mainly British, including the renowned anthropologist Jack Goody. The camp was housed in buildings belonging to the Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Abbazia di Santo Spirito), near the town of Sulmona, in a mountainous region east of Rome. Greek boatmen from the Sporades Islands were also held in this camp; they had helped Allied military personnel flee to the Middle East.
POW camp No. 78 began operating in 1940 for approximately 3,000 prisoners-of-war, mainly British, including the renowned anthropologist Jack Goody. The camp was housed in buildings belonging to the Monastery of the Holy Spirit (Abbazia di Santo Spirito), near the town of Sulmona, in a mountainous region east of Rome. Greek boatmen from the Sporades Islands were also held in this camp; they had helped Allied military personnel flee to the Middle East.
V
Vienna
Subcamp of: Mauthausen (Austria)
Category: During the last phase of the war, many subcamps were established in Vienna city and its outskirts.
Category: During the last phase of the war, many subcamps were established in Vienna city and its outskirts.
W
Watenstedt
Subcamp of: Neuengamme
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This labour camp was established in May 1944 in a district of the industrial city of Salzgitter to house prisoners who were forced to work at the Braunschweig steelworks, part of the Hermann Göring industrial complex (Reichswerke Hermann Göring). On April 7, 1945, the SS evacuated the camp and transported the 5,000 prisoners in open-air freight cars to the Ravensbrück camp. Many did not survive or arrived more dead than alive. Among them was Vasilis Kontogeorgiou from Volos.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1177–1179. Greek State Archives, Magnesia branch, Volos Court of First Instance Archives, “Nazism Rulings,” No. 45/16-1-1962.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
This labour camp was established in May 1944 in a district of the industrial city of Salzgitter to house prisoners who were forced to work at the Braunschweig steelworks, part of the Hermann Göring industrial complex (Reichswerke Hermann Göring). On April 7, 1945, the SS evacuated the camp and transported the 5,000 prisoners in open-air freight cars to the Ravensbrück camp. Many did not survive or arrived more dead than alive. Among them was Vasilis Kontogeorgiou from Volos.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1177–1179. Greek State Archives, Magnesia branch, Volos Court of First Instance Archives, “Nazism Rulings,” No. 45/16-1-1962.
Wiener Neustadt
Subcamp of: Mauthausen (Austria)
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The camp was established in June 1943 on the site of the Raxwerke factory, which produced V-2 rockets. Some 1,200 civilian prisoners—French, Polish, and Soviet—worked there. Following an Allied bombing raid in August 1943, the rocket production plant was relocated underground to the Dora-Mittelbau camp in Thuringia. During the second phase of operation of the Wiener Neustadt subcamp, from July 1944 to April 1, 1945, 700–800 prisoners were transferred there from Mauthausen to produce floating artillery batteries. The guards were sailors. With the advance of the Red Army, the camp was evacuated and the prisoners were led on a death march back to Mauthausen.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 956–958.
Category: Concentration/labour camp
The camp was established in June 1943 on the site of the Raxwerke factory, which produced V-2 rockets. Some 1,200 civilian prisoners—French, Polish, and Soviet—worked there. Following an Allied bombing raid in August 1943, the rocket production plant was relocated underground to the Dora-Mittelbau camp in Thuringia. During the second phase of operation of the Wiener Neustadt subcamp, from July 1944 to April 1, 1945, 700–800 prisoners were transferred there from Mauthausen to produce floating artillery batteries. The guards were sailors. With the advance of the Red Army, the camp was evacuated and the prisoners were led on a death march back to Mauthausen.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 956–958.
Wutzetz-Friesack (Lager 8)
Category: POW camp
Small camp for prisoners-of-war, created in 1943 in Wutzetz village, located northeast of Berlin, in the vicinity of Friesack township. Its first prisoners were Poles, who were later joined by military staff from the Balkans. Greek army officers from Magnisia were transferred there from Italian camps following Italy’s surrender (September 8, 1943). The conditions of detention were tolerable.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol IV (2022), 211-212.
Small camp for prisoners-of-war, created in 1943 in Wutzetz village, located northeast of Berlin, in the vicinity of Friesack township. Its first prisoners were Poles, who were later joined by military staff from the Balkans. Greek army officers from Magnisia were transferred there from Italian camps following Italy’s surrender (September 8, 1943). The conditions of detention were tolerable.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol IV (2022), 211-212.