Camps
A brief description of the camps of the Third Reich and Fascist Italy where prisoners from Magnesia were held between 1941 and 1945, and for which information has been found. The camps are divided into four categories:
- Prisoner-of-war camps
- Concentration/labor camps
- Concentration and extermination camps
- Camps in fascist Italy
F
Falkensee
Subcamp of: Sachsenhausen
Category: Concentration/labour camps
A camp established in March 1943 on the outskirts of Berlin by the DEMAG company (which manufactured machinery and vehicles) and operated from October 1943 as a massive war industry complex. The prisoners worked under inhumane conditions, and mortality was high.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1299.
Category: Concentration/labour camps
A camp established in March 1943 on the outskirts of Berlin by the DEMAG company (which manufactured machinery and vehicles) and operated from October 1943 as a massive war industry complex. The prisoners worked under inhumane conditions, and mortality was high.
USHMM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I B (2009), 1299.
Ferramonti di Tarsia
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
A large camp established in 1940 north of the city of Cosenza in Calabria, southern Italy, with the initial purpose of detaining foreign and Italian Jews under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of the Interior. In total, until September 1943, 3,823 Jews had been detained there, as well as non-Jewish political prisoners, including Greeks. Local fascist volunteers were responsible for maintaining security. Detention conditions were tolerable: mortality was low, three synagogues, a school, and a kindergarten were in operation, and the prisoners engaged in cultural and athletic activities. The camp was liberated by the British on September 14, 1943.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 424-426
A large camp established in 1940 north of the city of Cosenza in Calabria, southern Italy, with the initial purpose of detaining foreign and Italian Jews under the supervision of the Italian Ministry of the Interior. In total, until September 1943, 3,823 Jews had been detained there, as well as non-Jewish political prisoners, including Greeks. Local fascist volunteers were responsible for maintaining security. Detention conditions were tolerable: mortality was low, three synagogues, a school, and a kindergarten were in operation, and the prisoners engaged in cultural and athletic activities. The camp was liberated by the British on September 14, 1943.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 424-426
Fiume
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
A small temporary transit camp for foreign prisoners of war, established in 1941 in the Croatian town of Rijeka, which was under Italian occupation from 1926 to 1943. However, mostly Yugoslav civilians and partisans were held there, awaiting transfer to other camps in Italy. A group of Greek prisoners was also temporarily held in this camp in April 1942, including some members of the resistance from Magnesia.
USHM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 427. Nitsa Koliou, Unknown Aspects of the Occupation and the Resistance 1941–1944, vol. II (in Greek), 1985, 1216–1219.
A small temporary transit camp for foreign prisoners of war, established in 1941 in the Croatian town of Rijeka, which was under Italian occupation from 1926 to 1943. However, mostly Yugoslav civilians and partisans were held there, awaiting transfer to other camps in Italy. A group of Greek prisoners was also temporarily held in this camp in April 1942, including some members of the resistance from Magnesia.
USHM, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 427. Nitsa Koliou, Unknown Aspects of the Occupation and the Resistance 1941–1944, vol. II (in Greek), 1985, 1216–1219.
Flossenbürg
Category: Concentration/labour camps
The camp was established in 1938 near the Czech border, initially for convicts, “anti-social elements,” and homosexuals. Political prisoners were held there starting in 1939. In the summer of 1943, it held approximately 4,000 prisoners, while its population grew rapidly in 1944, with over 90 satellite camps. By early 1945, it held 40,000 prisoners, 11,000 of whom were women. Approximately 30,000 died there due to disease, starvation, or during the death march to Dachau that began on April 15, 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 560–565.
The camp was established in 1938 near the Czech border, initially for convicts, “anti-social elements,” and homosexuals. Political prisoners were held there starting in 1939. In the summer of 1943, it held approximately 4,000 prisoners, while its population grew rapidly in 1944, with over 90 satellite camps. By early 1945, it held 40,000 prisoners, 11,000 of whom were women. Approximately 30,000 died there due to disease, starvation, or during the death march to Dachau that began on April 15, 1945.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. I A (2009), 560–565.
Fossoli
Category: Camps in fascist Italy
The camp was located north of the city of Modena in central Italy. It was established by the Italian army in 1942, initially as a prisoner-of-war camp, primarily for British soldiers. After Italy’s surrender, and particularly from December 1943 onward, it operated as a concentration camp under the authority of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana), led by Mussolini. It was the main transit camp for deportations to Nazi Germany. In January 1944, deportations of Jews to the extermination camps in Poland also began from Fossoli. Among them was the well-known Italian Jewish author Primo Levi.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 430-431
The camp was located north of the city of Modena in central Italy. It was established by the Italian army in 1942, initially as a prisoner-of-war camp, primarily for British soldiers. After Italy’s surrender, and particularly from December 1943 onward, it operated as a concentration camp under the authority of the Italian Social Republic (Repubblica Sociale Italiana), led by Mussolini. It was the main transit camp for deportations to Nazi Germany. In January 1944, deportations of Jews to the extermination camps in Poland also began from Fossoli. Among them was the well-known Italian Jewish author Primo Levi.
USHMΜ, Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, vol. III (2018), 430-431